The Pawnee language is a Caddoan language traditionally spoken by Pawnee people Native Americans, currently inhabiting north-central Oklahoma. Historically, the Pawnee lived along the Platte River in what is now Nebraska.
Dialects
Two important
dialect divisions are evident in Pawnee: South Band and Skiri. The distinction between the two dialects rests on differences in their respective
phonetics inventory and
lexicon.
The Skiri dialect became extinct in 2001 with the death of Lula Nora Pratt.
[Douglas Parks and Lula Nora Pratt (2008) A Dictionary of Skiri Pawnee]
Status
As of 2007, there are fewer than 10 native speakers, all elderly. The Pawnee Nation is developing teaching materials for the local high school and for adult language classes. There are also extensive documentary materials in the language archived at the American Indian Studies Research Institute.
The Pawnee language can be heard spoken in the 2015 movie
The Revenant.
In 2019 and 2020, the Pawnee Nation posted online videos teaching the Pawnee language.
Phonology
The following describes the South Band dialect.
Consonants
Pawnee has eight
consonant , and according to one analysis of medial- and final-position glottal stops, one may posit a ninth consonant phoneme.
-
is predictable when it occurs in the middle of words. However, since is not completely predictable at the end of words, it may also need to be considered a phoneme.
Vowels
Pawnee has four
vowel length vowel phonemes and four
vowel length counterparts (also phonemic).
Morphology
Pawnee is an ergative-absolutive polysynthetic language.
Alphabet
The Pawnee
alphabet has nine consonants and eight vowels. The letters are relatively similar in pronunciation to their English counterparts.
Consonants
|
| p | | poke, cup |
| t | | top, cat |
| k | | cool, stuck |
| c | ~ | shell, push ~ pants |
| s | | silly, face |
| h | | heart, ahead |
| r | | car, ferry |
| w | | wacky, away |
| ′ | | The "-" in uh-oh |
Vowels
|
| i | | sit |
| ii | | feed |
| e | | red |
| ee | | paid |
| a | | nut |
| aa | | father |
| u | ʊ | book |
| uu | | rude |
|
Other alphabets
Here are other alphabets that are used sometimes in Pawnee texts.
| + Pawnee Alphabet #2 |
| ii | ts | ‘ |
Notes
-
American Indian Studies Research Institute. (2008). Dictionary Database: Pawnee (Skiri and Southband dialects).
-
American Indian Studies Research Institute. (2001). Pawnee Alphabet Book.
-
Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (hbk); .
-
Parks, Douglas R. (1976). A grammar of Pawnee. New York: Garland.
-
Taylor, Allan R. (1978). Review. Language, 54 (4), 969-972.
External links
